Application of Muscle/Nerve Stimulation in Health and Disease

$28.00

The first evidence that electrical changes can cause muscles to contract was p- vided by Galvani (1791). Galvani's ideas about 'animal electricity' were explored during the 19th and 20th century when it was firmly established that 'electricity' is one of the most important mechanisms used for communication by the nervous system and muscle. These researches lead to the development of ever more soph- ticated equipment that could either record the electrical changes in nerves and muscles, or elicit functional changes by electrically stimulating these structures. It was indeed the combination of these two methods that elucidated many of the basic principles about the function of the nervous system. Following these exciting findings, it was discovered that electrical stimulation and the functions elicited by it also lead to long-term changes in the properties of nerves and particularly muscles. Recent findings help us to understand the mec- nisms by which activity induced by electrical stimulation can influence mature, fully differentiated cells, in particular muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Electrically elicited activity determines the properties of muscle fibres by activating a sequence of signalling pathways that change the gene expression of the muscle. Thus, elect- cal activity graduated from a simple mechanism that is used to elicit muscle c- traction, to a system that could induce permanent changes in muscles and modify most of its characteristic properties.Application of Muscle/Nerve Stimulation in Health and Disease is written by Gerta Vrbová; Olga Hudlicka; Kristin Schaefer Centofanti and published by Springer. ISBNs for Application of Muscle/Nerve Stimulation in Health and Disease are 9781402082337, 1402082339 and the print ISBNs are 9781402082320, 1402082320.

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Eligibility for Returns and Exchanges

We accept returns and exchanges within 30 days from the date your order is delivered. Items must be unused, in the original condition, and accompanied by the original packaging and receipt or proof of purchase.

How to Return or Exchange an Item

To initiate a return or exchange, please follow these steps:

Contact our customer support at contact@zetlly.com with your order number and reason for return or exchange.
Our team will respond within 24 hours to provide detailed instructions, including the specific Return Address for your shipment.
Package your item securely and include all original packaging and proof of purchase.

Return shipments should be sent to: Blanq LLC 1201 South Hope Street Apt 2413, Los Angeles, CA 90015, USA

Return Conditions

Items must be returned in their original condition, unworn, undamaged, and complete with all original packaging and documentation.
Items returned without prior authorization or not meeting the above conditions may not qualify for a refund or exchange.

Return Shipping Costs

Customers are responsible for return shipping costs unless the return is due to our error or a defective product. We recommend using a trackable shipping service to ensure your return reaches us safely.

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The following items cannot be returned:

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The first evidence that electrical changes can cause muscles to contract was p- vided by Galvani (1791). Galvani’s ideas about ‘animal electricity’ were explored during the 19th and 20th century when it was firmly established that ‘electricity’ is one of the most important mechanisms used for communication by the nervous system and muscle. These researches lead to the development of ever more soph- ticated equipment that could either record the electrical changes in nerves and muscles, or elicit functional changes by electrically stimulating these structures. It was indeed the combination of these two methods that elucidated many of the basic principles about the function of the nervous system. Following these exciting findings, it was discovered that electrical stimulation and the functions elicited by it also lead to long-term changes in the properties of nerves and particularly muscles. Recent findings help us to understand the mec- nisms by which activity induced by electrical stimulation can influence mature, fully differentiated cells, in particular muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Electrically elicited activity determines the properties of muscle fibres by activating a sequence of signalling pathways that change the gene expression of the muscle. Thus, elect- cal activity graduated from a simple mechanism that is used to elicit muscle c- traction, to a system that could induce permanent changes in muscles and modify most of its characteristic properties.Application of Muscle/Nerve Stimulation in Health and Disease is written by Gerta Vrbová; Olga Hudlicka; Kristin Schaefer Centofanti and published by Springer. ISBNs for Application of Muscle/Nerve Stimulation in Health and Disease are 9781402082337, 1402082339 and the print ISBNs are 9781402082320, 1402082320.